TOEFL writing : paraphrasing Techniques

TOEFL Writing의 통합형 문제에서는 주어진 글을 요약하거나 재진술(paraphrasing)하는 능력이 매우 중요

 

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🎬 1. Synonym Replacement

 

유의어 사용으로 어휘 다양성 증가

• 단어의 의미를 바꾸지 않으면서 표현을 달리하는 방법
• 단어 대 단어 ㄴㄴ 문장 대 문장 ㅇㅇ

 

예시

• Original: The experiment was very important for the study.
• Paraphrased: The experiment was crucial for the research.

 

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🎬 2. It as a Formal Subject (가주어 It 사용)

 

문장의 주어를 ‘It’으로 바꾸어 더 공식적인 톤 유지

 

예시

• Original: To understand the data is essential.
• Paraphrased: It is essential to understand the data.

 

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🎬 3. Active ↔ Passive Voice

 

능동태 ↔ 수동태 변환으로 문장 구조 다양화

능동태 (Active)	주어 + 동사 + 목적어
수동태 (Passive)	목적어 + be + p.p + (by 주어)

 

시제에 따른 수동태 형태

	능동태 예시	수동태 형태
현재	writes	is written
과거	wrote	was written
현재완료	has written	has been written
미래	will write	will be written
조동사	can write	can be written

 

 

 

예시

• Original: Scientists conducted the research. (능동)
• Paraphrased: The research was conducted by scientists. (수동)

 

 

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🎬 4. Cleft Sentence for Emphasis (강조 구문)

 

It is/was ~ that 구조를 활용해 강조

It is/was + [강조할 부분] + that + [나머지 문장]

 

예시

• Original: Technology changed the way people communicate.
• Paraphrased: It is technology that changed the way people communicate.

 

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🎬 5. Subordination ↔ Coordination

 

부사절 (종속절) ↔ 등위접속사 (병렬 구조) 전환

 

부사절 (Subordination)	한 문장이 다른 문장에 종속  종속 접속사(because, although, if 등)
등위절 (Coordination)	둘 이상의 문장이 대등한 관계로 연결 등위 접속사(and, but, so 등)

 

✅ (1) 이유: because → so

• 부사절:
• Because the factory violated the regulations, it was fined.
• 등위절:
• The factory violated the regulations, so it was fined.

 

✅ (2) 양보: although → but

• 부사절:
• Although he studied hard, he failed the test.
• 등위절:
• He studied hard, but he failed the test.

 

✅ (3) 시간: when → and / then

• 부사절:
• When the show ended, the audience applauded.
• 등위절:
• The show ended, and the audience applauded.

 

 

✅ (4) 조건: if → or / and

• 부사절:
• If you don’t water the plants, they will die.
• 등위절 (의미 보존하며 바꾸기):Water the plants, or they’ll die.
• Don’t water the plants, and they’ll die.

 

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🎬 6. Relative Clause (관계대명사 사용)

 

관계대명사(who, which, that 등)를 이용해 문장을 연결

 

관계대명사	선행사	문장에서의 역할
who	사람	주어 또는 목적어	The scientist who discovered the vaccine won the award.
which	사물, 동물	주어 또는 목적어	The study, which was conducted in 2021, showed new results.
that	사람, 사물 (제한적)	주어 또는 목적어	The company that developed the app grew rapidly.

 

 

✅ 주의할 점

• that은 제한적 관계절에서만 사용. 비제한적(쉼표 포함)에는 사용 불가.

• 관계대명사가 목적어 역할이면 생략 ⭕️
• 관계대명사가 주어 역할이면 생략 ❌

 

 

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🎬 7. Relative Clause ↔ Participle (분사구문)

 

관계대명사 절을 분사구문으로 단축하여 더 간결하게 표현

관계대명사 + be동사 또는 관계대명사 + 능동태 동사/수동태 동사로 구성된 관계절을

현재분사(-ing) 또는 과거분사(p.p)로 바꿔 간결하게 표현하는 방식

 

 

관계절이 능동이고 동작이 진행 중	현재분사(V+ing)	Students taking the test must be silent. ← Students who are taking the test…
관계절이 수동 또는 과거 완료된 동작	과거분사(V+p.p)	The data collected was accurate. ← The data that was collected…

 

현분

The girl who lives next door is a doctor.	The girl living next door is a doctor.
Students who are preparing for TOEFL need strategies.	Students preparing for TOEFL need strategies.

과분

The machine that was invented in 1900 changed history.	The machine invented in 1900 changed history.
The report which was written by experts is convincing.	The report written by experts is convincing.

 

 

 

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🎬 8. Part of Speech Shift (품사 전환)

 

동사 ↔ 명사, 형용사 ↔ 동사 등으로 품사를 전환해 어조 바꾸기

 

예시

• Original: The company decided to expand. (동사)
• Paraphrased: The company made a decision to expand. (명사화)

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✅ Synonyms – Nouns

단어	동의어
advantage	benefit	merit	strength
disadvantage	drawback	limitation	weakness
benefit	advantage	gain	positive effect
drawback	disadvantage	shortcoming	downside
problem	issue	difficulty	concern
solution	answer	resolution	remedy
method	technique	procedure	approach
approach	method	strategy	technique
factor	element	component	cause
reason	cause	explanation	justification
result	outcome	consequence	effect
effect	impact	consequence	influence
impact	effect	influence	outcome
outcome	result	effect	consequence
issue	problem	topic	matter
evidence	proof	data	indication
claim	argument	assertion	statement
purpose	aim	intention	objective
goal	objective	aim	target
objective	goal	purpose	aim
assumption	belief	presumption	hypothesis
challenge	difficulty	obstacle	hurdle
obstacle	barrier	difficulty	hindrance
context	background	situation	setting
trend	tendency	pattern	movement
function	role	purpose	task
feature	characteristic	trait	quality
strategy	plan	method	approach
justification	explanation	rationale	reason
resource	supply	material	asset

 

 

✅ Synonyms – Verbs

단어	동의어
claim	assert	state	argue
support	back up	uphold	reinforce
refute	disprove	contradict	counter
argue	contend	claim	assert
explain	clarify	describe	illustrate
suggest	propose	recommend	put forward
recommend	suggest	advocate	endorse
emphasize	highlight	stress	underline
illustrate	demonstrate	clarify	exemplify
demonstrate	show	exhibit	prove
show	demonstrate	reveal	indicate
indicate	show	suggest	point out
examine	investigate	analyze	inspect
contrast	compare	differentiate	distinguish
predict	forecast	anticipate	project
affect	influence	alter	impact
cause	lead to	result in	bring about
result in	cause	lead to	produce
imply	suggest	indicate	hint at
reinforce	strengthen	support	confirm
acknowledge	admit	recognize	accept
highlight	emphasize	stress	underline
prove	demonstrate	verify	confirm
describe	explain	portray	outline
mention	refer to	note	bring up
present	offer	provide	deliver
clarify	explain	make clear	simplify
reject	refuse	deny	dismiss
challenge	question	dispute	oppose
undermine	weaken	damage	discredit

 

 

✅ Synonyms – Adjectives

단어	동의어
important	significant	crucial	essential
beneficial	helpful	advantageous	useful
harmful	damaging	dangerous	detrimental
essential	necessary	vital	crucial
necessary	required	needed	essential
effective	efficient	powerful	successful
efficient	effective	streamlined	productive
limited	restricted	narrow	finite
realistic	practical	reasonable	feasible
valid	logical	acceptable	well-founded
reasonable	logical	sensible	fair
reliable	dependable	trustworthy	consistent
sufficient	adequate	enough	ample
inaccurate	incorrect	imprecise	flawed
controversial	disputed	debatable	divisive
ethical	moral	principled	righteous
appropriate	suitable	proper	acceptable
relevant	applicable	related	pertinent
feasible	possible	workable	achievable
typical	usual	common	standard
significant	important	notable	considerable
unsuccessful	failed	ineffective	unproductive
persuasive	convincing	compelling	influential
logical	reasonable	coherent	sound
clear	evident	apparent	understandable
practical	useful	realistic	functional
inadequate	insufficient	lacking	deficient
complex	complicated	intricate	difficult
unconvincing	weak	implausible	ineffective
unethical	immoral	dishonest	corrupt